https://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/index.htmlA comprehensive introduction to the detailed modeling of energy system components and off-design behavior, using a systemic and technologically realistic approach supported by Thermoptim.Hugoen-usThu, 22 Jan 2026 14:36:36 +0100https://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/general/index.htmlThu, 22 Jan 2026 14:36:36 +0100https://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/general/index.htmlA comprehensive introduction to the detailed modeling of energy system components and off-design behavior, using a systemic and technologically realistic approach supported by Thermoptim.https://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/toc/index.htmlThu, 22 Jan 2026 14:35:10 +0100https://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/toc/index.htmlTable of Contents — Volume 1 Advanced Modeling of Thermodynamic Energy Components and Systems INTRODUCTION Objectives of this Book Content of the Book Conclusion 1. Presentation of the Approach 1.1 A Two-Level Methodology 1.1.1 Physical Phenomena Taking Place in a Gas Turbine 1.1.2 Energy Technologies: Component Assemblies 1.2 Practical Implementation of the Double Analytical–Systems Approach 1.2.1 Use of the Thermoptim Software 1.2.2 Functional and Exergy Structures 1.3 Thermoptim Primitive Types 1.3.1 Component Modeling 1.3.2 Thermoptim Primitive Types 1.3.3 Thermoptim Assets 1.4 Conclusion 1.5 References 2. Thermodynamics Fundamentals 2.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 2.1.1 Open and Closed Systems 2.1.2 State of a System, Intensive and Extensive Quantities 2.1.3 Phase, Pure Substances, Mixtures 2.1.4 Equilibrium and Reversible Process 2.1.5 Temperature 2.1.6 Symbols 2.2 Energy Exchanges in a Process 2.2.1 Work of External Forces on a Closed System 2.2.2 Heat Transfer 2.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 2.3.1 Definition of Internal Energy (Closed System) 2.3.2 Application to a Fluid Mass 2.3.3 Work Provided, Shaft Work 2.3.4 Shaft Work and Enthalpy (Open Systems) 2.3.5 Establishment of Enthalpy Balance 2.3.6 Application to Industrial Processes 2.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 2.4.1 Definition of Entropy 2.4.2 Irreversibility 2.4.3 Carnot Effectiveness of Heat Engines 2.4.4 Fundamental Relations for a Phase 2.4.5 Thermodynamic Potentials 2.5 Exergy 2.5.1 Exergy for a Monothermal Open System in Steady State 2.5.2 Multithermal Open Steady-State System 2.5.3 Application to a Two-Source Reversible Machine 2.5.4 Heat Exchange without Work Production 2.5.5 Exergy Efficiency 2.6 Representations of Real Fluids 2.6.1 Thermodynamic Diagrams of Pure Substances 2.6.2 Moist Mixtures: Properties and Diagrams 2.6.3 Real Fluid Mixtures 2.7 Conclusion 2.8 References 3. Basic Components and Processes 3.1 Compressions 3.1.1 Thermodynamics of Compression 3.1.2 Reference Compression 3.1.3 Actual Compressions 3.1.4 Staged Compression 3.1.5 Calculation of a Compression in Thermoptim 3.2 Displacement Compressors 3.2.1 Piston Compressors 3.2.2 Rotary Positive Displacement Compressors 3.3 Dynamic Compressors 3.3.1 Thermodynamics of Permanent Flow 3.3.2 Similarity and Performance of Turbomachines 3.3.3 Calculation of Dynamic Compressors 3.3.4 Pumps and Fans 3.4 Expansion 3.4.1 Thermodynamics of Expansion 3.4.2 Calculation of an Expansion in Thermoptim 3.4.3 Turbines 3.5 Combustion 3.5.1 Combustion Phenomena and Basic Mechanisms 3.5.2 Complete and Incomplete Combustion 3.5.3 Energy Properties of Combustion Reactions 3.5.4 Emissions of Gaseous Pollutants 3.5.5 Calculation of Combustion in Thermoptim 3.6 Throttling or Flash 3.7 Water Vapor–Gas Mixture Processes 3.7.1 Moist Process Screens 3.7.2 Heating, Cooling, and Humidification 3.7.3 Air Conditioning in a Psychrometric Diagram 3.8 Conclusion 3.9 References 4. Heat Exchangers 4.1 Principles of Operation 4.1.1 Heat Flux Exchanged 4.1.2 Heat Exchange Coefficient 4.1.3 Heat Transfer Correlations 4.2 Phenomenological Models for Heat Exchangers 4.2.1 Number of Transfer Units Method 4.2.2 Relationship between NTU and Effectiveness 4.2.3 Matrix Formulation and Heat Exchanger Assemblies 4.2.4 Relationship with the LMTD Method 4.3 Calculation of Heat Exchangers in Thermoptim 4.3.1 Exchange Processes and Screen 4.3.2 Simple Heat Exchanger Design 4.3.3 Thermocouplers 4.4 Conclusion 4.5 References 5. External Class Development 5.1 General Principles and External Substances 5.1.1 Introducing Custom Components 5.1.2 Example: Dowtherm A 5.1.3 Coupling to a Thermodynamic Properties Server 5.2 Flat Plate Solar Collectors 5.2.1 Design of the External Component 5.2.2 Physical Model 5.2.3 Saving and Loading Model Parameters 5.3 Calculation of Moist Mixtures in External Classes 5.3.1 Methods Available in the External Classes 5.3.2 Methods Available in the External Classes 5.4 Cooling Towers 5.4.1 Principle of Operation and Phenomenological Model 5.4.2 Behavior Models 5.5 External Controllers 5.6 External Class Development Environment 5.7 Conclusion 5.8 References 6. Component Sizing and Off-Design Operation 6.1 Component Sizing 6.1.1 Heat Exchangers 6.1.2 Displacement Compressors 6.1.3 Expansion Valves 6.1.4 Practical Example: Design of a Cycle 6.2 Off-Design Calculations 6.2.1 Coupled Systems in Thermoptim 6.2.2 Off-Design Equations of a Refrigerator 6.2.3 Effect of Ambient Temperature Variation 6.3 Methodological Difficulties 6.4 Conclusion 6.5 References 7. Sizing and Off-Design Behavior of Heat Exchangers 7.1 Heat Exchanger Sizing and Off-Design Calculations 7.2 Pressure Drop Calculation 7.2.1 Gas or Liquid State Pressure Drop 7.2.2 Two-Phase Pressure Drop 7.3 Modeling of Heat Transfer 7.3.1 Extended Surfaces 7.3.2 Nucleate Boiling in Steam Generators 7.3.3 Calculation of Multi-Zone Exchangers 7.4 Heat Exchanger Sizing and Geometric Parameter Estimation 7.5 Conclusion 7.6 References 8. Modeling and Setting of Displacement Compressors 8.1 Behavior Models 8.1.1 Operation at Rated and Partial Loads 8.1.2 Identification of Compressor Parameters 8.2 Practical Modeling Problems 8.3 Conclusion 8.4 References 9. Modeling and Setting of Dynamic Compressors and Turbines 9.1 Turbomachinery Fundamentals 9.1.1 Velocity Triangles and Degree of Reaction 9.1.2 Theoretical and Real Characteristics 9.1.3 Factors of Similarity 9.2 Pumps and Fans 9.3 Dynamic Compressors 9.3.1 Performance Maps and Analysis 9.3.2 Technological Screen of Dynamic Compressors 9.4 Turbines 9.4.1 Performance Maps and Isentropic Efficiency Law 9.4.2 Stodola’s Cone Rule and Baumann Rule 9.4.3 Leaving Losses 9.4.4 Identification of Turbine Parameters 9.5 Conclusion 9.6 References 10. Case Studies 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Compressor Filling a Storage of Compressed Air 10.2.1 Modeling of the Heat Exchanger 10.2.2 Design of the Controller 10.2.3 Analysis of the Cooled Compressor 10.3 Off-Design Behavior of a Refrigeration Machine 10.3.1 Introduction, Results 10.3.2 Principle of Resolution 10.4 Off-Design Behavior of a Steam Power Plant 10.4.1 Introduction, Results 10.4.2 Presentation of the External Class 10.5 Part-Load Operation of the Flamanville 3 EPR Turbine 10.5.1 Flow Rate Variation 10.5.2 Pressure Variation 10.5.3 Influence of the Stodola Law Used 10.5.4 Polytropic Efficiencies 10.5.5 Polytropic Exponents 10.5.6 Separator 10.5.7 NUSCLE, a Nuclear Secondary Circuit Lite Emulator 10.6 Conclusionhttps://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/chapters/index.htmlThu, 22 Jan 2026 14:35:49 +0100https://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/chapters/index.htmlIntroduction This book introduces an innovative pedagogical and methodological approach to modeling and analyzing energy systems using the Thermoptim simulator. It replaces heavy mathematical formalism with graphical modeling and interactive simulation, allowing learners to focus on understanding technologies and system architectures. Designed for both beginners and advanced users, it bridges theory and practice by providing a unified framework for studying real-world energy conversion technologies. The book combines fundamental thermodynamics, component modeling, and system optimization within a constructivist learning environment that promotes autonomy, realism, and critical analysis.https://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/resources/index.htmlThu, 22 Jan 2026 14:35:49 +0100https://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/resources/index.htmlResources In this section, you will find resources presented in a way that complements those available chapter by chapter.https://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/nuscle/index.htmlThu, 22 Jan 2026 14:35:10 +0100https://server.s4e2.com/crc/amtc/nuscle/index.htmlNUSCLE – A Simplified Model of the Thermodynamic Cycle of a Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Plant General Introduction This document introduces NUSCLE (Nuclear Secondary Circuit Lite Emulator), a simplified model of the thermodynamic cycle of a Water-Cooled Reactor (WCR) nuclear power plant—such as PWRs, BWRs, RBMKs, or CANDUs. NUSCLE is designed to simulate part-load operation. It includes only four steam extractions and five turbine stage groups, compared to, for instance, eleven and nine respectively in the EPR Flamanville 3 cycle.