Table of Contents — Volume 1
Advanced Modeling of Thermodynamic Energy Components and Systems
INTRODUCTION
- Objectives of this Book
- Content of the Book
- Conclusion
1. Presentation of the Approach
1.1 A Two-Level Methodology
1.1.1 Physical Phenomena Taking Place in a Gas Turbine
1.1.2 Energy Technologies: Component Assemblies
1.2 Practical Implementation of the Double Analytical–Systems Approach
1.2.1 Use of the Thermoptim Software
1.2.2 Functional and Exergy Structures
1.3 Thermoptim Primitive Types
1.3.1 Component Modeling
1.3.2 Thermoptim Primitive Types
1.3.3 Thermoptim Assets
1.4 Conclusion
1.5 References
2. Thermodynamics Fundamentals
2.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions
2.1.1 Open and Closed Systems
2.1.2 State of a System, Intensive and Extensive Quantities
2.1.3 Phase, Pure Substances, Mixtures
2.1.4 Equilibrium and Reversible Process
2.1.5 Temperature
2.1.6 Symbols
2.2 Energy Exchanges in a Process
2.2.1 Work of External Forces on a Closed System
2.2.2 Heat Transfer
2.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
2.3.1 Definition of Internal Energy (Closed System)
2.3.2 Application to a Fluid Mass
2.3.3 Work Provided, Shaft Work
2.3.4 Shaft Work and Enthalpy (Open Systems)
2.3.5 Establishment of Enthalpy Balance
2.3.6 Application to Industrial Processes
2.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.4.1 Definition of Entropy
2.4.2 Irreversibility
2.4.3 Carnot Effectiveness of Heat Engines
2.4.4 Fundamental Relations for a Phase
2.4.5 Thermodynamic Potentials
2.5 Exergy
2.5.1 Exergy for a Monothermal Open System in Steady State
2.5.2 Multithermal Open Steady-State System
2.5.3 Application to a Two-Source Reversible Machine
2.5.4 Heat Exchange without Work Production
2.5.5 Exergy Efficiency
2.6 Representations of Real Fluids
2.6.1 Thermodynamic Diagrams of Pure Substances
2.6.2 Moist Mixtures: Properties and Diagrams
2.6.3 Real Fluid Mixtures
2.7 Conclusion
2.8 References
3. Basic Components and Processes
3.1 Compressions
3.1.1 Thermodynamics of Compression
3.1.2 Reference Compression
3.1.3 Actual Compressions
3.1.4 Staged Compression
3.1.5 Calculation of a Compression in Thermoptim
3.2 Displacement Compressors
3.2.1 Piston Compressors
3.2.2 Rotary Positive Displacement Compressors
3.3 Dynamic Compressors
3.3.1 Thermodynamics of Permanent Flow
3.3.3 Calculation of Dynamic Compressors
3.3.4 Pumps and Fans
3.4 Expansion
3.4.1 Thermodynamics of Expansion
3.4.2 Calculation of an Expansion in Thermoptim
3.4.3 Turbines
3.5 Combustion
3.5.1 Combustion Phenomena and Basic Mechanisms
3.5.2 Complete and Incomplete Combustion
3.5.3 Energy Properties of Combustion Reactions
3.5.4 Emissions of Gaseous Pollutants
3.5.5 Calculation of Combustion in Thermoptim
3.6 Throttling or Flash
3.7 Water Vapor–Gas Mixture Processes
3.7.1 Moist Process Screens
3.7.2 Heating, Cooling, and Humidification
3.7.3 Air Conditioning in a Psychrometric Diagram
3.8 Conclusion
3.9 References
4. Heat Exchangers
4.1 Principles of Operation
4.1.1 Heat Flux Exchanged
4.1.2 Heat Exchange Coefficient
4.1.3 Heat Transfer Correlations
4.2 Phenomenological Models for Heat Exchangers
4.2.1 Number of Transfer Units Method
4.2.2 Relationship between NTU and Effectiveness
4.2.4 Relationship with the LMTD Method
4.3 Calculation of Heat Exchangers in Thermoptim
4.3.1 Exchange Processes and Screen
4.3.2 Simple Heat Exchanger Design
4.3.3 Thermocouplers
4.4 Conclusion
4.5 References
5. External Class Development
5.1 General Principles and External Substances
5.1.1 Introducing Custom Components
5.1.2 Example: Dowtherm A
5.1.3 Coupling to a Thermodynamic Properties Server
5.2 Flat Plate Solar Collectors
5.2.1 Design of the External Component
5.2.2 Physical Model
5.2.3 Saving and Loading Model Parameters
5.3 Calculation of Moist Mixtures in External Classes
5.3.1 Methods Available in the External Classes
5.3.2 Methods Available in the External Classes
5.4 Cooling Towers
5.4.1 Principle of Operation and Phenomenological Model
5.4.2 Behavior Models
5.5 External Controllers
5.6 External Class Development Environment
5.7 Conclusion
5.8 References
6. Component Sizing and Off-Design Operation
6.1 Component Sizing
6.1.1 Heat Exchangers
6.1.2 Displacement Compressors
6.1.3 Expansion Valves
6.1.4 Practical Example: Design of a Cycle
6.2 Off-Design Calculations
6.2.1 Coupled Systems in Thermoptim
6.2.2 Off-Design Equations of a Refrigerator
6.2.3 Effect of Ambient Temperature Variation
6.3 Methodological Difficulties
6.4 Conclusion
6.5 References
7. Sizing and Off-Design Behavior of Heat Exchangers
7.1 Heat Exchanger Sizing and Off-Design Calculations
7.2 Pressure Drop Calculation
7.2.1 Gas or Liquid State Pressure Drop
7.2.2 Two-Phase Pressure Drop
7.3 Modeling of Heat Transfer
7.3.1 Extended Surfaces
7.3.2 Nucleate Boiling in Steam Generators
7.3.3 Calculation of Multi-Zone Exchangers
7.4 Heat Exchanger Sizing and Geometric Parameter Estimation
7.5 Conclusion
7.6 References
8. Modeling and Setting of Displacement Compressors
8.1 Behavior Models
8.1.1 Operation at Rated and Partial Loads
8.1.2 Identification of Compressor Parameters
8.2 Practical Modeling Problems
8.3 Conclusion
8.4 References
9. Modeling and Setting of Dynamic Compressors and Turbines
9.1 Turbomachinery Fundamentals
9.1.1 Velocity Triangles and Degree of Reaction
9.1.2 Theoretical and Real Characteristics
9.1.3 Factors of Similarity
9.2 Pumps and Fans
9.3 Dynamic Compressors
9.3.2 Technological Screen of Dynamic Compressors
9.4 Turbines
9.4.2 Stodola’s Cone Rule and Baumann Rule
9.4.3 Leaving Losses
9.4.4 Identification of Turbine Parameters
9.5 Conclusion
9.6 References
10. Case Studies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Compressor Filling a Storage of Compressed Air
10.2.1 Modeling of the Heat Exchanger
10.2.2 Design of the Controller
10.2.3 Analysis of the Cooled Compressor
10.3 Off-Design Behavior of a Refrigeration Machine
10.3.1 Introduction, Results
10.3.2 Principle of Resolution
10.4 Off-Design Behavior of a Steam Power Plant
10.4.1 Introduction, Results
10.4.2 Presentation of the External Class
10.5 Part-Load Operation of the Flamanville 3 EPR Turbine
10.5.1 Flow Rate Variation
10.5.2 Pressure Variation
10.5.3 Influence of the Stodola Law Used
10.5.4 Polytropic Efficiencies
10.5.5 Polytropic Exponents
10.5.6 Separator
10.5.7 NUSCLE, a Nuclear Secondary Circuit Lite Emulator
10.6 Conclusion